10 Shocking Secrets of the First Year of Marriage
--By Marina Khidekel, BRIDES magazine
Think that your first year as newlyweds will be total bliss? Of course it will—but even paradise comes with surprises. Here's what to expect.
1. THE SHOCK: You'll gain a little love weight.
You've been dieting since the moment he put the ring on your finger. But chances are that celery-and-Fresca regimen will end as soon as the honeymoon begins. (Christening every Thursday "Pasta Madness"? Go for it!) "I starved myself for months to get in shape for the wedding—I even ordered my ring a size smaller to force myself to keep dieting," admits Melina M., 29, of Cambridge, Massachusetts. "Of course I've gained it all back—and a few extra pounds."
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
Putting on a bit of weight is normal for a newlywed. "Give yourself permission to enjoy your new life and the food that comes with it," says psychologist Elizabeth Lombardo, Ph.D., author of A Happy You: Your Ultimate Prescription for Happiness. But don't make chili-cheese dogs an everyday thing, or the pounds will keep piling on. Spanx has its limits.
2. THE SHOCK: Your B-list buds will go MIA.
You're a single girl with a tribe of friends. Once you're hitched, though, some may mysteriously vanish from the scene—unless you bribe them with Friday-night drinks.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
If a friend is keen on getting married, jealousy may play a part, or she may be having a hard time dealing with a former free-agent pal's wanting to check in with her hubby before making plans. But don't worry—your closest girlfriends won't leave your side, especially if you make a conscious effort to keep them there.
3. THE SHOCK: Your sex life will be off the charts—sometimes.
After the honeymoon and a happy homecoming, life can turn, well...a bit PG. One night, you may just want to do the laundry. Or there will be a Project Runway marathon that you really, really want to watch. Before you know it, a week will have gone by since you and your spouse got romantic.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
Nothing. Studies show that, over time, married people have more—and better—sex than singles do, says Scott Haltzman, author of The Secrets of Happily Married Women: "The sense of commitment helps loosen a couple's inhibitions and strengthens their sexual bond."
4. THE SHOCK: You won't unpack your china for six months.
Engaged girl's fantasy: kitchen shelves full of gleaming new china and stemware organized by color, pattern, and size. Married woman's reality: stacks of unpacked boxes in every corner.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
Everyday things—working late, paying bills, taking the dog to the vet—will get in the way of setting up that idyllic space. Try this as a compromise: Open one box each week until you've achieved that sublime kitchen display. And then use the stuff!
5. THE SHOCK: You'll do the dishes; your husband will fix stuff.
It'll be like living in a Mad Men episode as you fall into clichéd roles—you're in charge of laundry; he hammers things. "One day, when our dryer's bell went off to signal that the clothes were done, my husband jumped a foot off the couch and shrieked, 'What was that noise?' That was when I realized he hadn't washed a sock since we'd been married," says Anna W., 28, of Austin, Texas.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
Devise a plan, if you'd prefer to split chores 50–50. "Consider which chores each of you doesn't mind doing, and agree to divvy up the responsibilities in a way you both think is fair," says Lombardo. Studies show that when roles are clearly defined and equitable, everyone's happier.
6. THE SHOCK: Even though you'll have two paychecks, you'll still feel broke.
That "we'll have twice as much money" theory? Just an illusion. While you'll save on housing if you weren't living together before (and don't move someplace swankier), you'll also be spending more. For example, that hand-me-down couch was fine for a single gal, but now you'll want a nice sofa in a lovely home that looks as if grown-ups live there.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
Don't fret too much, says Haltzman. The investments you're making now will pay off for decades to come, whether they're in furnishings, friendships (throwing dinner parties), or the future (loading up your retirement accounts).
7. THE SHOCK: You won't want to spend every moment with your new husband.
Your spouse may be your best friend, but he won't suddenly become your only friend.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
"My husband and I have no problems maintaining individual friendships," says Meghan E., 29, of Richmond, Virginia. "The poor guy shouldn't have to be dragged to every new chick flick simply because he's married to me." She's right. Go out with the girls, and give him nights with his guys. You'll come home and swap stories—and your marriage will be the better for it.
8. THE SHOCK: You'll go to bed mad, even though you vowed not to—ever.
Count on falling asleep fuming at least once that first year.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
"It's okay if you're getting nowhere with a compromise," says Lombardo. "Forcing things will just make them worse." So don't be scared of getting some shut-eye. Most likely, you'll both wake up refreshed and ready to make up. Studies show the best predictor of a marriage's success is the couple's ability to repair the relationship after a fight, so as long as you resolve your conflict quickly, you can rest easy.
9. THE SHOCK: Being a wife won't mean you'll instantly have skills worthy of an Iron Chef.
"When I was single, I rarely turned on the stove in my studio apartment. Then I got a husband, new kitchen gear (all those shower gifts!), and my grandmother's take- care-of-your-man attitude," says Molly S., 32, of Baltimore.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
Marriage vows are powerful, but they don't include instructions on how to make meatloaf. "I'd rush home from work and try to cook a spread worthy of a magazine photo shoot, but I couldn't take the pressure," says Molly. "Now making dinner might mean opening a bag of salad or a take-out menu," she says. "And we're both okay with that." Or you may find your husband grabbing the apron—now there's a win-win!
10. THE SHOCK: The world will feel like a better place.
Marriage is more than changing your last name and getting a joint checking account.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
"Getting married is a declaration to the world that you want to be with each other forever, and a huge sense of security, devotion, peace, and love comes with that," says Lombardo. That intensity will not only deepen your bond but also give you quite a buzz. Says Krista N., 31, of New York City, "We were really supportive of each other before, but now that we're married, it feels like we're tackling life together, and that's a pretty great feeling."
Illustration by Kirsten Ulve
http://shine.yahoo.com/channel/sex/10-shocking-secrets-of-the-first-year-of-marriage-2399338/
Wednesday, November 3, 2010
Wednesday, September 29, 2010
final:)) 9/29/10
BIOCHEMISTRY - BSMT2D :))
CEDELES, CHARITY
HAGHANI RAD, NASRIN
PEREZ, REISS
RAHIMI, KIMIA
DNA Replication.1
http://www.youtube.com/user/garlandscience#p/c/86FB28667714C01D/3/-mtLXpgjHL0
This video is from:
Essential Cell Biology, 3rd Edition
Alberts, Bray, Hopkin, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts, & Walter
ISBN: 978-0-8153-4129-1
In a replication fork, two DNA polymerases collaborate to copy the leading-strand template and the lagging-strand template DNA. This video shows the process by which DNA replication occurs. Achieving bilateral symmetry doesn't requireseparate sets of genes for each side.
I see lots of beauty and art in nature as well. Amazing example of irreducible complexity. This the most efficient, significant process inthe world. So finely tuned and designed, so much more than humans could ever produce on this scale.
Absolutely amazing, we were completely perplexed over the "backwards" description of the copying. So I was amazed to find this animation. Even then it’s taken me a couple of seconds to figure out what is happening because it is so fast.
DNA REPLICATION
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z685FFqmrpo&feature=related
-SIMPLE VERSION
In DNA replication T always pairs with A
A pairs with U during transcription in protein synthesis where complementary RNA bases are paired with the DNA on the sense strand.
"A double strand of DNA unwinds" make it seems like a spontaneous process, which isn't. At the body temperature, large activation energy is required to unwind DNA; and denatured strands anneal back.
DNA TRANSCRIPTION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsofH466lqk
Molecules in the cell bump and jiggle and drift all the time. When they bump in such a way as to cause a reaction, a reaction occurs. This is a bit like kids in a mosh pit. They move fairly randomly around the crowd. When one friend finds another, he lifts him up to crowdsurf. If one finds his girlfriend, they hold hands. Substitute chemical affinity for friendship, and think of lifting the friend up as a reaction.
-Great clip! Clearly explains transcription!
-During transcription, the DNA needs to be single stranded to create an mRNA strand..
-Showing the template strand (non-coding) which is used by RNA polymerase to form a mRNA strand
DNA TRANCRITION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztPkv7wc3yU&feature=related
BLUE blob going through the helix: That's called RNA polymerase, it's the enzyme that copies RNA using one of the DNA strands as a template
It's a great video... some mistakes here and there, but it's good overall.:))
TRANSLATION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLEDd-PSTQ
PROCESS OF TRANSLATION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
-The codons found within the mRNA.
-The small subunit of the ribosome attached to the mRNA.
-A tRNA molecule.
-The tRNA anti-codon is complementary to the mRNA codon.
-The amino acid known as methionine.
-The first tRNA molecule attaches to the first site of translation.
-The second tRNA molecule attaches to the second site of translation.
-The amino acid from the first tRNA is transferred to the amino acid on the second tRNA.
-The first tRNA exits, the ribosome moves, a new tRNA enters, and the process is repeated.
-The process is repeated many times, and a peptide, or strand of amino acids, is formed.
-The release factor enters.
-Translation, or protein synthesis, ends.
-The completed peptide is released.
mRNA ININIATION ELONGATION TERMINATION
END: Protein synthesis is now complete. The peptide chain is ready to act as a protein or be combined with other chains to form larger, polypeptide proteins.
TRANSLATION.1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zb6r1MMTkc&feature=related
Pretty amazing that stuff like this occurs naturally. Starting to see why intelligent design people think the way they do.
"E site" next to the "P site" and "A site": EXIT - POLIPEPTIDE - AND ARRIVE
Start and stop codons used to separate genes: start and stop codons are more a matter of translation (mRNA to protein) than a matter of gene separation. Genes in DNA are not necessarily contiguous sequences; that gets rather complicated. But within the gene there would be tri-nucleotides complementary to start and stop codons. As you know, the start and stop codon simply indicate where the protein product is to start and stop
CEDELES, CHARITY
HAGHANI RAD, NASRIN
PEREZ, REISS
RAHIMI, KIMIA
DNA Replication.1
http://www.youtube.com/user/garlandscience#p/c/86FB28667714C01D/3/-mtLXpgjHL0
This video is from:
Essential Cell Biology, 3rd Edition
Alberts, Bray, Hopkin, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts, & Walter
ISBN: 978-0-8153-4129-1
In a replication fork, two DNA polymerases collaborate to copy the leading-strand template and the lagging-strand template DNA. This video shows the process by which DNA replication occurs. Achieving bilateral symmetry doesn't requireseparate sets of genes for each side.
I see lots of beauty and art in nature as well. Amazing example of irreducible complexity. This the most efficient, significant process inthe world. So finely tuned and designed, so much more than humans could ever produce on this scale.
Absolutely amazing, we were completely perplexed over the "backwards" description of the copying. So I was amazed to find this animation. Even then it’s taken me a couple of seconds to figure out what is happening because it is so fast.
DNA REPLICATION
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z685FFqmrpo&feature=related
-SIMPLE VERSION
In DNA replication T always pairs with A
A pairs with U during transcription in protein synthesis where complementary RNA bases are paired with the DNA on the sense strand.
"A double strand of DNA unwinds" make it seems like a spontaneous process, which isn't. At the body temperature, large activation energy is required to unwind DNA; and denatured strands anneal back.
DNA TRANSCRIPTION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsofH466lqk
Molecules in the cell bump and jiggle and drift all the time. When they bump in such a way as to cause a reaction, a reaction occurs. This is a bit like kids in a mosh pit. They move fairly randomly around the crowd. When one friend finds another, he lifts him up to crowdsurf. If one finds his girlfriend, they hold hands. Substitute chemical affinity for friendship, and think of lifting the friend up as a reaction.
-Great clip! Clearly explains transcription!
-During transcription, the DNA needs to be single stranded to create an mRNA strand..
-Showing the template strand (non-coding) which is used by RNA polymerase to form a mRNA strand
DNA TRANCRITION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztPkv7wc3yU&feature=related
BLUE blob going through the helix: That's called RNA polymerase, it's the enzyme that copies RNA using one of the DNA strands as a template
It's a great video... some mistakes here and there, but it's good overall.:))
TRANSLATION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLEDd-PSTQ
PROCESS OF TRANSLATION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
-The codons found within the mRNA.
-The small subunit of the ribosome attached to the mRNA.
-A tRNA molecule.
-The tRNA anti-codon is complementary to the mRNA codon.
-The amino acid known as methionine.
-The first tRNA molecule attaches to the first site of translation.
-The second tRNA molecule attaches to the second site of translation.
-The amino acid from the first tRNA is transferred to the amino acid on the second tRNA.
-The first tRNA exits, the ribosome moves, a new tRNA enters, and the process is repeated.
-The process is repeated many times, and a peptide, or strand of amino acids, is formed.
-The release factor enters.
-Translation, or protein synthesis, ends.
-The completed peptide is released.
mRNA ININIATION ELONGATION TERMINATION
END: Protein synthesis is now complete. The peptide chain is ready to act as a protein or be combined with other chains to form larger, polypeptide proteins.
TRANSLATION.1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zb6r1MMTkc&feature=related
Pretty amazing that stuff like this occurs naturally. Starting to see why intelligent design people think the way they do.
"E site" next to the "P site" and "A site": EXIT - POLIPEPTIDE - AND ARRIVE
Start and stop codons used to separate genes: start and stop codons are more a matter of translation (mRNA to protein) than a matter of gene separation. Genes in DNA are not necessarily contiguous sequences; that gets rather complicated. But within the gene there would be tri-nucleotides complementary to start and stop codons. As you know, the start and stop codon simply indicate where the protein product is to start and stop
BIOCHEMISTRY - BSMT2D :))
CEDELES, CHARITY
HAGHANI RAD, NASRIN
PEREZ, REISS
RAHIMI, KIMIA
DNA Replication.1
http://www.youtube.com/user/garlandscience#p/c/86FB28667714C01D/3/-mtLXpgjHL0
In a replication fork, two DNA polymerases collaborate to copy the leading-strand template and the lagging-strand template DNA. This video shows the process by which DNA replication occurs.
This video is from:
Essential Cell Biology, 3rd Edition
Alberts, Bray, Hopkin, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts, & Walter
ISBN: 978-0-8153-4129-1
DNA TRANCRITION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztPkv7wc3yU&feature=related
BLUE blob going through the helix:That's called RNA polymerase, it's the enzyme that copies RNA using one of the DNA strands as a template
It's a great video... some mistakes here and there, but it's good overall.:))
TRANSLATION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLEDd-PSTQ
A.)mRNA
-The codons found within the mRNA.
-The small subunit of the ribosome attached to the mRNA.
-A tRNA molecule.
-The tRNA anti-codon is complementary to the mRNA codon.
-The amino acid known as methionine.
-The first tRNA molecule attaches to the first site of translation.
-The second tRNA molecule attaches to the second site of translation.
-The amino acid from the first tRNA is transferred to the amino acid on the second tRNA.
-The first tRNA exits, the ribosome moves, a new tRNA enters, and the process is repeated.
-The process is repeated many times, and a peptide, or strand of amino acids, is formed.
-The release factor enters.
-Translation, or protein synthesis, ends.
-The completed peptide is released.
B.) ININIATION
C.) ELONGATION
D.) TERMINATION
END: Protein synthesis is now complete. The peptide chain is ready to act as a protein or be combined with other chains to form larger, polypeptide proteins.
TRANSLATION.1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zb6r1MMTkc&feature=related
Pretty amazing that stuff like this occurs naturally. Starting to see why intelligent design people think the way they do.
"E site" next to the "P site" and "A site": EXIT - POLIPEPTIDE - AND ARRIVE
start and stop codons used to separate genes: start and stop codons are more a matter of translation (mRNA to protein) than a matter of gene separation. Genes in DNA are not necessarily contiguous sequences; that gets rather complicated. But within the gene there would be trinucleotides complementary to start and stop codons. As you know, the start and stop codon simply indicate where the protein product is to start and stop
CEDELES, CHARITY
HAGHANI RAD, NASRIN
PEREZ, REISS
RAHIMI, KIMIA
DNA Replication.1
http://www.youtube.com/user/garlandscience#p/c/86FB28667714C01D/3/-mtLXpgjHL0
In a replication fork, two DNA polymerases collaborate to copy the leading-strand template and the lagging-strand template DNA. This video shows the process by which DNA replication occurs.
This video is from:
Essential Cell Biology, 3rd Edition
Alberts, Bray, Hopkin, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts, & Walter
ISBN: 978-0-8153-4129-1
Achieving bilateral symmetry doesn't require separate sets of genes for each side.
I see lots of beauty and art in nature as well.Amazing example of irreducible complexity. This the most efficient, significant process in the world. So finely tuned and designed, so much more than humans could ever produce on this scale.
Absolutely amazing. I was completely perplexed over the "backwards" description of the copying. So I was amazed to find this animation. Even then It's taken me a couple of seconds to figure out what is happening because it is so fast.
DNA REPLICATION
DNA TRANCRITION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztPkv7wc3yU&feature=related
BLUE blob going through the helix:That's called RNA polymerase, it's the enzyme that copies RNA using one of the DNA strands as a template
It's a great video... some mistakes here and there, but it's good overall.:))
TRANSLATION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLEDd-PSTQ
A.)mRNA
-The codons found within the mRNA.
-The small subunit of the ribosome attached to the mRNA.
-A tRNA molecule.
-The tRNA anti-codon is complementary to the mRNA codon.
-The amino acid known as methionine.
-The first tRNA molecule attaches to the first site of translation.
-The second tRNA molecule attaches to the second site of translation.
-The amino acid from the first tRNA is transferred to the amino acid on the second tRNA.
-The first tRNA exits, the ribosome moves, a new tRNA enters, and the process is repeated.
-The process is repeated many times, and a peptide, or strand of amino acids, is formed.
-The release factor enters.
-Translation, or protein synthesis, ends.
-The completed peptide is released.
B.) ININIATION
C.) ELONGATION
D.) TERMINATION
END: Protein synthesis is now complete. The peptide chain is ready to act as a protein or be combined with other chains to form larger, polypeptide proteins.
TRANSLATION.1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zb6r1MMTkc&feature=related
Pretty amazing that stuff like this occurs naturally. Starting to see why intelligent design people think the way they do.
"E site" next to the "P site" and "A site": EXIT - POLIPEPTIDE - AND ARRIVE
start and stop codons used to separate genes: start and stop codons are more a matter of translation (mRNA to protein) than a matter of gene separation. Genes in DNA are not necessarily contiguous sequences; that gets rather complicated. But within the gene there would be trinucleotides complementary to start and stop codons. As you know, the start and stop codon simply indicate where the protein product is to start and stop
Friday, September 17, 2010
assignment:)) 9/17/10
REISS PEREZ
A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules carry genetic information or form structures within cells. The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleic acids are universal in living things, as they are found in all cells and viruses. Nucleic acids were first discovered by Friedrich Miescher in 1871.
FUNCTIONS OF DNA:
DNA also contains all the genetic coding which is used to control functions, behaviour and development of an organism. DNA is also used as a long term storage device to store the genetic instructions. These instructions must be correct so the DNA can make an exact copy of itslef.
The function of DNA in a cell is to code the way proteins turn genes on or off.
FUNCTIONS OF RNA:
mRNA - messenger RNA - is a "copy" of the DNA base sequence of a gene after processing (capping, addition of 3' tail and splicing). It is used to transfer the genetic information from DNA, which is a storage molecule and quite inaccessible, to ribosomes, which perform translation to synthesise polypeptides.
tRNA - transfer RNA - is "charged" with an amino acid and used to recognize the code in the mRNA and "translate" it into the amino acid it is carrying. There are specific tRNA molecules for each amino acid.
rRNA - ribosomal RNA - makes up parts of the ribosome and has the catalytic transpeptidase action required to create polypeptide chains during translation.
snRNA - small nuclear RNA - regulates and provides the catalytic machinery for splicing or mRNA.
gRNA - guide RNA - directs editing of RNA to specific sites.
miRNA - micro RNA - inhibits translation by base pairing with complementary sequences of mRNA.
Signal Recognition Particle - RNA/protein molecule that binds to the "Signal Sequence" on polypeptides to be sent to the endoplasmic reticulum, causing translation to pause until polypeptide has been fed into translocon for entry into ER.
(remembering that RNA uses U instead of T)
-it IS identical to the sense strand; therefore, it carries the code for the protein.
-if the DNA says ACC, the mRNA says UGG.
Complementary base pairs are: adenine and thymine (A - T )
guanine and cytosine (G - C)
A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules carry genetic information or form structures within cells. The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleic acids are universal in living things, as they are found in all cells and viruses. Nucleic acids were first discovered by Friedrich Miescher in 1871.
FUNCTIONS OF DNA:
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic code which ensures that daughter cells inherit the same characteristics as the parent cells
- DNA is the code from which all protein is synthesised
- All prokaryotes, eukaryote and some viruses have DNA
- All DNA code is composed from four nucleotide bases, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine and Thymine.
DNA also contains all the genetic coding which is used to control functions, behaviour and development of an organism. DNA is also used as a long term storage device to store the genetic instructions. These instructions must be correct so the DNA can make an exact copy of itslef.
The function of DNA in a cell is to code the way proteins turn genes on or off.
FUNCTIONS OF RNA:
mRNA - messenger RNA - is a "copy" of the DNA base sequence of a gene after processing (capping, addition of 3' tail and splicing). It is used to transfer the genetic information from DNA, which is a storage molecule and quite inaccessible, to ribosomes, which perform translation to synthesise polypeptides.
tRNA - transfer RNA - is "charged" with an amino acid and used to recognize the code in the mRNA and "translate" it into the amino acid it is carrying. There are specific tRNA molecules for each amino acid.
rRNA - ribosomal RNA - makes up parts of the ribosome and has the catalytic transpeptidase action required to create polypeptide chains during translation.
snRNA - small nuclear RNA - regulates and provides the catalytic machinery for splicing or mRNA.
gRNA - guide RNA - directs editing of RNA to specific sites.
miRNA - micro RNA - inhibits translation by base pairing with complementary sequences of mRNA.
Signal Recognition Particle - RNA/protein molecule that binds to the "Signal Sequence" on polypeptides to be sent to the endoplasmic reticulum, causing translation to pause until polypeptide has been fed into translocon for entry into ER.
What components do DNA and RNA?
It is easier to say which componants are different as the two types of molecule are very similar. RNA uses ribose in the sugar-phosphate backbone rather than deoxyribose, as in DNA. And in RNA uracil (U) is used in place of (T) as a base. These are the two major differences. If you want a list of similarities then:
-both use a sugar phosphate backbone onto which bases are assembled
-Both use four bases to encode information (A,T,C,G - DNA) and(A,U,C,G- RNA)
-both use hydrogen bonding between bases to join sense and antisense strands (both sides of the ladder)
-all nucleotides (bases) used to make to both DNA and RNA have 3 phosphate groups attatched to them before they are added to the growing chain.
A chromosome is an organized building of DNA and protein that is found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions. The word chromosome comes from the Greek χρῶμα (chroma, colour) and σῶμα (soma, body) due to their property of being very strongly stained by particular dyes.
A gene is a unit of heredity in a living organism. It is normally a stretch of DNA that codes for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. All living things depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains. Genes hold the information to build and maintain an organism's cells and pass genetic traits to offspring.
Nucleotides are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA.
Nucleosides are glycosylamines consisting of a nucleobase (often referred to as simply base) bound to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar via a beta-glycosidic linkage. Examples of nucleosides include cytidine, uridine, adenosine, guanosine, thymidine and inosine.
genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA.
histones are strongly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei, which package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.[1][2] They are the chief protein components of chromatin, act as spools around which DNA winds, and play a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to one in human DNA). For example, each human cell has about 1.8 meters of DNA, but wound on the histones it has about 90 millimeters of chromatin, which, when duplicated and condensed during mitosis, result in about 120 micrometers of chromosomes.[3]
Nucleosomes are the basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus), consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a histone protein core.[1] This structure is often compared to thread wrapped around a spool.[2]
Chromatin is the combination of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes. It is found inside the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. It is divided between heterochromatin (condensed) and euchromatin (extended) forms.[1] [2] The major components of chromatin are DNA and histone proteins, although other proteins have prominent roles too. The functions of chromatin are to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell, to strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis and meiosis, and to serve as a mechanism to control expression and DNA replication. Chromatin contains genetic material-instructions to direct cell functions.
BASES OF DNA AND RNA:
The DNA bases are adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine . In RNA, Thymine is replaced by Uracil. Adenine and guanine are known as purines and cytosine and thymine are known as pyrimidines.
Although scientists have made some minor changes to the Watson and Crick model, or have elaborated upon it, since its inception in 1953, the model's four major features remain the same yet today. These features are as follows:
- DNA is a double-stranded helix, with the two strands connected by hydrogen bonds. A bases are always paired with Ts, and Cs are always paired with Gs, which is consistent with and accounts for Chargaff's rule.
- Most DNA double helices are right-handed; that is, if you were to hold your right hand out, with your thumb pointed up and your fingers curled around your thumb, your thumb would represent the axis of the helix and your fingers would represent the sugar-phosphate backbone. Only one type of DNA, called Z-DNA, is left-handed.
- The DNA double helix is anti-parallel, which means that the 5' end of one strand is paired with the 3' end of its complementary strand (and vice versa). As shown in Figure 4, nucleotides are linked to each other by their phosphate groups, which bind the 3' end of one sugar to the 5' end of the next sugar.
- Not only are the DNA base pairs connected via hydrogen bonding, but the outer edges of the nitrogen-containing bases are exposed and available for potential hydrogen bonding as well. These hydrogen bonds provide easy access to the DNA for other molecules, including the proteins that play vital roles in the replication and expression of DNA (Figure 4).
Summary
Watson and Crick were not the discoverers of DNA, but rather the first scientists to formulate an accurate description of this molecule's complex, double-helical structure. Moreover, Watson and Crick's work was directly dependent on the research of numerous scientists before them, including Friedrich Miescher, Phoebus Levene, and Erwin Chargaff. Thanks to researchers such as these, we now know a great deal about genetic structure, and we continue to make great strides in understanding the human genome and the importance of DNA to life and health.
Putting the Evidence Together: Watson and Crick Propose the Double Helix
Chargaff's realization that A = T and C = G, combined with some crucially important X-ray crystallography work by English researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, contributed to Watson and Crick's derivation of the three-dimensional, double-helical model for the structure of DNA. Watson and Crick's discovery was also made possible by recent advances in model building, or the assembly of possible three-dimensional structures based upon known molecular distances and bond angles, a technique advanced by American biochemist Linus Pauling. In fact, Watson and Crick were worried that they would be "scooped" by Pauling, who proposed a different model for the three-dimensional structure of DNA just months before they did. In the end, however, Pauling's prediction was incorrect.
Using cardboard cutouts representing the individual chemical components of the four bases and other nucleotide subunits, Watson and Crick shifted molecules around on their desktops, as though putting together a puzzle. They were misled for a while by an erroneous understanding of how the different elements in thymine and guanine (specifically, the carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen rings) were configured. Only upon the suggestion of American scientist Jerry Donohue did Watson decide to make new cardboard cutouts of the two bases, to see if perhaps a different atomic configuration would make a difference. It did. Not only did the complementary bases now fit together perfectly (i.e., A with T and C with G), with each pair held together by hydrogen bonds, but the structure also reflected Chargaff's rule (Figure 3).
complementary base pairs in the DNA:
The mRNA transcribed from the antisense DNA strand is not identical to that DNA strand; it is complementary. -the mRNA has the 'partners' of the bases on the DNA template(remembering that RNA uses U instead of T)
-it IS identical to the sense strand; therefore, it carries the code for the protein.
-if the DNA says ACC, the mRNA says UGG.
Complementary base pairs are: adenine and thymine (A - T )
guanine and cytosine (G - C)
Base pairs in DNA
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), is a chemical found primarily in the nucleus of cells. DNA carries the instructions for making all the structures and materials the body needs to function.
DNA is organized as two complementary strands, head-to-toe, with bonds between them that can be "unzipped" like a zipper, separating the strands.Tuesday, July 6, 2010
BATANGAS, MUST EXPERIENCE!!!!
Historical remembrance and culinary discovery tour of the cultural landmarks of Batangas, where cradle of heroes and one of the first provinces to rise against Spanish colonial rule.
The impressive Batangas Museum is likewise a must-see for tourists and is included in the itinerary.
The heritage town of Taal, the “Vigan of the South”, whose well-preserved, stately mansions and magnificent Basilica of St. Martin de Tours, seemingly transport one back to the Spanish era.
Beyond the history, food trip as well, with participants indulging in the rich, flavorful cuisine of Batangas. That’s early merienda of Tanauan’s native delicacy, sumang magkayakap, and kapeng barako. Lunch is at the province’s newest luxury property, Hotel Pontefino, where the menu includes favorites like bulalo, pinais na isda, adobo sa dilaw, tinumis and bulanglang, prepared by renowned chef Dennis Edillon. Finally, afternoon merienda in Taal features pinindot, empanadang Taal, sumang malagkit, maja blanco, minatamis na saging and other native fare. Indeed, a gastronomic experience that’s authentically Batangueno.
Thursday, May 13, 2010
Wednesday, May 12, 2010
Scientific Name of Plants
The following is a list of the common plant names cross referenced to the scientific name of plants. The list represents some of the most popular varieties of perennial plants.
The scientific names of plants is based on taxonomy, the science of plant classification. Each name has two parts, the genus and the specie. This is referred to as the binomial (two names)system founded by Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist. Some species will have a third name, called the subspecies, variety, or form.
You can think of taxonomy as the plant directory of all species. The plant kingdom has over 350,000 species, thus the necessity of an ordered classification system.
Wednesday, February 24, 2010
RULES ON SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
REISS “CKATE” PEREZ – BSMT1D
RULES ON SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Rule 1: Basic Principle - Singular subjects need singular verbs; plural subjects need plural verbs.
§My brother is a nutritionist. My sisters are mathematicians.
Rule 2: The indefinite pronouns anyone, everyone, someone, no one, nobody are always singular and, therefore, require singular verbs.
§Everyone has done his or her homework.
§Somebody has left her purse.
Rule 3: Some indefinite pronouns — such as all, some — are singular or plural depending on what they're referring to. (Is the thing referred to countable or not?) Be careful choosing a verb to accompany such pronouns.
§Some of the beads are missing.
§Some of the water is gone.
Rule 4: On the other hand, there is one indefinite pronoun, none, that can be either singular or plural; it often doesn't matter whether you use a singular or a plural verb — unless something else in the sentence determines its number.
§None of you claims responsibility for this incident?
§None of you claim responsibility for this incident?
§None of the students have done their homework.
Rule 5: Phrases such as together with, as well as, and along with are not the same as and. The phrase introduced by as well as or along with will modify the earlier word (mayor in this case), but it does not compound the subjects (as the word and would do).
§The mayor as well as his brothers is going to prison.
§The mayor and his brothers are going to jail.
Rule 6: The pronouns neither and either are singular and require singular verbs even though they seem to be referring, in a sense, to two things.
§Neither of the two traffic lights is working.
Rule 7: In informal writing, neither and either sometimes take a plural verb when these pronouns are followed by a prepositional phrase beginning with of. This is particularly true of interrogative constructions
§Have either of you two clowns read the assignment?
§Are either of you taking this seriously?
Rule 8: The conjunction or does not conjoin (as and does). When nor or or is used the subject closer to the verb determines the number of the verb.
§Either my father or my brothers are going to sell the house.
§Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the house.
§Are either my brothers or my father responsible?
§Is either my father or my brothers responsible?
Rule 9 : The words there and here are never subjects.
§There are two reasons [plural subject] for this.
§There is no reason for this.
§Here are two apples.
Rule 10: Verbs in the present tense for third-person, singular subjects (he, she, it and anything those words can stand for) have s-endings. Other verbs do not add s-endings.
§He loves and she loves and they love_ and . . . .
Rule 11: Sometimes modifiers will get between a subject and its verb, but these modifiers must not confuse the agreement between the subject and its verb.
§The mayor, who has been convicted along with his four brothers on four counts of various crimes but who also seems, like a cat, to have several political lives, is finally going to jail.
Rule 12: Words such as glasses, pants, pliers, and scissors are regarded as plural (and require plural verbs) unless they're preceded by the phrase pair of (in which case the word pair becomes the subject).
§My glasses were on the bed.
§My pants were torn.
§A pair of plaid trousers is in the closet.
Rule 13: Some words end in -s and appear to be plural but are really singular and require singular verbs.
§The news from the front is bad.
§Measles is a dangerous disease for pregnant women.
Rule 14: On the other hand, some words ending in -s refer to a single thing but are nonetheless plural and require a plural verb.
§My assets were wiped out in the depression.
§The average worker's earnings have gone up dramatically.
§Our thanks go to the workers who supported the union.
Rule 15: Fractional expressions such as half of, a part of, a percentage of, majorities of are sometimes singular and sometimes plural, depending on the meaning.
§A large percentage of the older population is voting against her.
§Two-fifths of the troops were lost in the battle.
§Two-fifths of the vineyard was destroyed by fire.
§Forty percent of the students are in favor of changing the policy.
§Forty percent of the student body is in favor of changing the policy
Rule 16: Sums and products of mathematical processes are expressed as singular and require singular verbs. The expression "more than one" (oddly enough) takes a singular verb.
§More than one student has tried this.
§Two and two is four.
§Four times four divided by two is eight.
Rule 17: If your sentence compounds a positive and a negative subject and one is plural, the other singular, the verb should agree with the positive subject.
§The department members but not the chair have decided not to teach on Valentine's Day.
§It is not the faculty members but the president who decides this issue.
§It was the speaker, not his ideas, that has provoked the students to riot.
Dear Dad,
RULES ON SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Rule 1: Basic Principle - Singular subjects need singular verbs; plural subjects need plural verbs.
§My brother is a nutritionist. My sisters are mathematicians.
Rule 2: The indefinite pronouns anyone, everyone, someone, no one, nobody are always singular and, therefore, require singular verbs.
§Everyone has done his or her homework.
§Somebody has left her purse.
Rule 3: Some indefinite pronouns — such as all, some — are singular or plural depending on what they're referring to. (Is the thing referred to countable or not?) Be careful choosing a verb to accompany such pronouns.
§Some of the beads are missing.
§Some of the water is gone.
Rule 4: On the other hand, there is one indefinite pronoun, none, that can be either singular or plural; it often doesn't matter whether you use a singular or a plural verb — unless something else in the sentence determines its number.
§None of you claims responsibility for this incident?
§None of you claim responsibility for this incident?
§None of the students have done their homework.
Rule 5: Phrases such as together with, as well as, and along with are not the same as and. The phrase introduced by as well as or along with will modify the earlier word (mayor in this case), but it does not compound the subjects (as the word and would do).
§The mayor as well as his brothers is going to prison.
§The mayor and his brothers are going to jail.
Rule 6: The pronouns neither and either are singular and require singular verbs even though they seem to be referring, in a sense, to two things.
§Neither of the two traffic lights is working.
Rule 7: In informal writing, neither and either sometimes take a plural verb when these pronouns are followed by a prepositional phrase beginning with of. This is particularly true of interrogative constructions
§Have either of you two clowns read the assignment?
§Are either of you taking this seriously?
Rule 8: The conjunction or does not conjoin (as and does). When nor or or is used the subject closer to the verb determines the number of the verb.
§Either my father or my brothers are going to sell the house.
§Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the house.
§Are either my brothers or my father responsible?
§Is either my father or my brothers responsible?
Rule 9 : The words there and here are never subjects.
§There are two reasons [plural subject] for this.
§There is no reason for this.
§Here are two apples.
Rule 10: Verbs in the present tense for third-person, singular subjects (he, she, it and anything those words can stand for) have s-endings. Other verbs do not add s-endings.
§He loves and she loves and they love_ and . . . .
Rule 11: Sometimes modifiers will get between a subject and its verb, but these modifiers must not confuse the agreement between the subject and its verb.
§The mayor, who has been convicted along with his four brothers on four counts of various crimes but who also seems, like a cat, to have several political lives, is finally going to jail.
Rule 12: Words such as glasses, pants, pliers, and scissors are regarded as plural (and require plural verbs) unless they're preceded by the phrase pair of (in which case the word pair becomes the subject).
§My glasses were on the bed.
§My pants were torn.
§A pair of plaid trousers is in the closet.
Rule 13: Some words end in -s and appear to be plural but are really singular and require singular verbs.
§The news from the front is bad.
§Measles is a dangerous disease for pregnant women.
Rule 14: On the other hand, some words ending in -s refer to a single thing but are nonetheless plural and require a plural verb.
§My assets were wiped out in the depression.
§The average worker's earnings have gone up dramatically.
§Our thanks go to the workers who supported the union.
Rule 15: Fractional expressions such as half of, a part of, a percentage of, majorities of are sometimes singular and sometimes plural, depending on the meaning.
§A large percentage of the older population is voting against her.
§Two-fifths of the troops were lost in the battle.
§Two-fifths of the vineyard was destroyed by fire.
§Forty percent of the students are in favor of changing the policy.
§Forty percent of the student body is in favor of changing the policy
Rule 16: Sums and products of mathematical processes are expressed as singular and require singular verbs. The expression "more than one" (oddly enough) takes a singular verb.
§More than one student has tried this.
§Two and two is four.
§Four times four divided by two is eight.
Rule 17: If your sentence compounds a positive and a negative subject and one is plural, the other singular, the verb should agree with the positive subject.
§The department members but not the chair have decided not to teach on Valentine's Day.
§It is not the faculty members but the president who decides this issue.
§It was the speaker, not his ideas, that has provoked the students to riot.
Dear Dad,
You are my favorite too. Thank you for teaching about God, life, love and the pursuit of happiness. Thank you for teaching me about trusts and honor. Thank you for the gifts I always thought was stupid as a child. Your tennis treasures are what I miss more than anything. I loved the way you loved me. I remember lightning bug jars we would fill on early summer evenings beneath the tree. You called them God's night-lights. We never kept them for long, but the experience was magical. Mom and I spent the whole time you were looking trying to keep from bursting out with laughter. I though it was fun helping you hunt your shoes. I don't imagine most people would understand the fun we had looking for your shoes and they were never in the same place twice. I remember seeing you put cornbread in your milk. You peeled tomatoes for me cause I didn't like the skin. You walked with me and talked with me and never made me feel like a stupid kid when I asked you questions that to me were very important, like "How did the sky get blue?" You always tried to come to my school events such as plays, spelling bees and graduations. I remember sneaking off to the little store to buy a toy off the spinner rack. Lola and Lolo said you spoiled me and you did. I loved being spoiled by you. As I got older, I hated being called Princess. Thank you dad. You touched my life in so many ways. In my heart, you will always be the man that could do anything. Thank you for the magic you put in my life.
Love lots,
Ckate
Wednesday, February 10, 2010
6 Personality traits to admire and acquire
6 Personality traits to admire and acquire
Selflessness: In a world where many people don’t have the time or the interest in others, selflessness is a quality that seems to be less and less common. People can be selfless in the time they give, the ability to listen, their level of patience and the love that they give. Those who are giving and generous in nature have the power to make others feel loved, appreciated and special. While those who are self-absorbed tend to do the exact opposite.
Tolerance: Those people who are tolerant make us feel comfortable with who we are and special as individuals. All of us are different, and many of us have quirks and idiosyncrasies. After all, these differences make the world go round. Having the ability to accept people for who they are and not expect them to be who we want them to be is important in life, happiness and in the health of our relationships.
Genuineness: Having the ability to be real, authentic and honest is unique in a world where we put so much emphasis on the superficial. Feeling comfortable in one’s skin and being true to one’s self is one of the most beautiful traits one can possess. To have a REAL relationship with someone requires honesty…it requires hearing and giving input or feedback that may not always be popular…it means having the strength to tell it like it is and to not be afraid to face the consequences for doing so…it means loving people for who they really are…deep down…and not for what they appear to be.
Sensitivity: So often we are focused on what is important to ourselves that we can forget about those around us. Those who are sensitive are often thoughtful, appreciative and loving, in a way that makes you feel understood, valued and respected. Often, sensitive people are also self-aware, making them mindful of how they impact others with what they do and say.
Integrity: Call me cynical, but I think this characteristic is especially difficult to find. In a time when people will do things that are underhanded to make an extra buck (Bernie Madoff…can you hear me?), expose their personal lives to the public so they can be famous (balloon boy’s dad and any other reality TV mongers) and do what feels good in the moment without necessarily thinking of the consequences (Tiger Woods), integrity is a characteristic that is especially unique today.
Humility: Whether someone is super-smart, extremely talented or drop-dead gorgeous, there is something extra special about them if they don’t come across as though they know it all the time. Humility in those that possess extraordinary traits make others feel special too.
Wednesday, January 20, 2010
My Passion in Tennis :)
My Passion in Tennis :)
When one has the support of my team, I discovered a sense of encouragement and is empowered to take on the obstacles that come my way. A team is like a family giving their love and support to their fellow teammates.
Throughout my entire high school journey, one of the most significant experiences that has impacted my life in a tremendous way is being on the Tennis team. This experience has brought to the fore certain indelible characteristics such as trust, cooperation, respect and a sense of belonging.
Throughout my entire high school journey, one of the most significant experiences that has impacted my life in a tremendous way is being on the Tennis team. This experience has brought to the fore certain indelible characteristics such as trust, cooperation, respect and a sense of belonging.
When I first joined the Tennis team my sophomore year, my level of trust was low because I was around people I have never seen before. I had to learn how to trust my teammates, but unlike me they exhibited a great amount of trust towards me even though I had just recently joined the team. My coach placed a fellow teammate and I together as a Doubles pair. By doing this he allowed us to build our trust for each other. We learned to depend on each other to be there to back each other up on the court. Being placed in a pair with my teammate gave me a new found sense of trust with my fellow teammates, it also created room for a new friendship which allowed us to not only be an extremely close pair on the court, but also off the court.
Each of us gained a sense of cooperation, in the sense that we worked together as one to get to our expected goal. We stood together as one, unwavering and unable to be moved. We relied on each other to encourage one another both on and off the court. As the present captain of the team now, my fellow teammates and I have drawn together once more in hopes that we will accomplish our goal.
Being as close as we are now, we have all gained a great amount of respect not only for each other but also for our coach. Our coach demands a great amount of respect and when given returns the same amount of respect to us. Our respect for each other reflects on the court and throughout our games. We believe that respect is not something you can get, but something that one must earn in order to receive. Being on the team allowed us to earn our own respect.
Joining the Tennis team gave me a sense of belonging. When I first joined the team, I was very shy, I didn’t speak to anyone and I kept to myself. The former team captain realized this and decided to reach out to me. She got me involved in meetings and asked for my opinion on certain topics. This made me feel like I belonged there. Hence, I began to come out of my shell and tapped into my true potential. Being the present captain of the team has made feel even more close to them than I have ever been.
Therefore, the social implications of the Tennis team will certainly impact on the life of any of its players. In more ways than one, its players will experience positive support that will ultimately lead to a rounded development of the individual’s life. This is evident in my life because as a team captain I have been empowered with the above mentioned characteristics.
Tuesday, January 12, 2010
english writing...:)
Dear Ms. Victoria Aragon:
Your recent play in CEU made it clear that student's satisfaction is an integral part of Alab Artistika Production. You have proven the skeptics wrong and accomplished what
most said was impossible.I would like to congratulate you for your special talents in acting might benefit your career development.
Your recent play in CEU made it clear that student's satisfaction is an integral part of Alab Artistika Production. You have proven the skeptics wrong and accomplished what
most said was impossible.I would like to congratulate you for your special talents in acting might benefit your career development.
Part of your success is because you place a high value on personal integrity and represent both your co-actors and yourself in an ethical and respectable manner.Furthermore, you are a hard, smart-working, self-starter who works equally well in a team environment or individually. There is no doubt that your recent achievements will be
spoken of for some time to come and that the admiration
for your accomplishments is felt by all of us within the
industry as well as the general public.
Having been watching on your play, I must say that I am thoroughly impressed with your acting and props. I don't believe I have
ever viewed a more efficient, smooth running, and cost
efficient program such as yours. I was particularly
impressed with the procedure you have implemented to
monitor quality control of the story.
All of your characters were extremely professionals and went out
of their way to portray various functions and answer my
inquiries. I would be most appreciative if you would come back, for showing me every funny scenes, including a powerful kissing scene.
That way, you are showing us how you try to recreate the world of the studios, a world which fascinated me as an audience, a world in which you played an key but not visible role.
Please accept my heartiest congratulations for your success.
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in DNA replication T always pairs with A
A pairs with U during transcription in protein synthesis where complementary RNA bases are paired with the DNA on the sense strand.
simple version
"A double strand of DNA unwinds" make it seems like a spontaneous process, which isn't. At the body temperature, a large activation energy is required to unwind DNA; and denatured strands anneal back
DNA TRANSCRIPTION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsofH466lqk
Molecules in the cell bump and jiggle and drift all the time. When they bump in such a way as to cause a reaction, a reaction occurs. This is a bit like kids in a mosh pit. They move fairly randomly around the crowd. When one friend finds another, he lifts him up to crowdsurf. If one finds his girlfriend, they hold hands. Substitute chemical affinity for friendship, and think of lifting the friend up as a reaction.
great clip! clearly explains transcription!
during transcription, the DNA needs to be single stranded to create a mRNA strand