http://www.humanresources.hrvinet.com/stress-interview-questions/
http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/desire/questionnaire-how-strong-is-your-libido-933971.html
1.10.11
Sunday, January 9, 2011
Friday, January 7, 2011
Measuring life event stress in the lives of college students: The Undergraduate Stress Questionnaire (USQ)
We describe the development of the Undergraduate Stress Questionnaire (USQ), a life events checklist designed to measure stress among undergraduates. Several studies demonstrate the USQ''s validity. The USQ correlates positively with physical symptoms and negatively with mood. Students rated the USQ as the most complete and accurate of four different life events questionnaires. In a panel study, the USQ closely tracked subjective reports of stress, both during the term and finals week. The USQ predicted symptoms more reliably than three other stress measures, controlling for negative affect. Students waiting in the college infirmary score higher on the USQ than students socializing on campus. Finally, we compare the checklist format to subjective scaling, and show the superiority of the checklist version. We discuss the usefulness of the USQ in terms of validity, representativeness, adaptability, brevity, and low confounding with negative affect.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/v0234pl782v05046/
http://www.springerlink.com/content/v0234pl782v05046/
Wednesday, November 3, 2010
10 Shocking Secrets of the First Year of Marriage
10 Shocking Secrets of the First Year of Marriage
--By Marina Khidekel, BRIDES magazine
Think that your first year as newlyweds will be total bliss? Of course it will—but even paradise comes with surprises. Here's what to expect.
1. THE SHOCK: You'll gain a little love weight.
You've been dieting since the moment he put the ring on your finger. But chances are that celery-and-Fresca regimen will end as soon as the honeymoon begins. (Christening every Thursday "Pasta Madness"? Go for it!) "I starved myself for months to get in shape for the wedding—I even ordered my ring a size smaller to force myself to keep dieting," admits Melina M., 29, of Cambridge, Massachusetts. "Of course I've gained it all back—and a few extra pounds."
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
Putting on a bit of weight is normal for a newlywed. "Give yourself permission to enjoy your new life and the food that comes with it," says psychologist Elizabeth Lombardo, Ph.D., author of A Happy You: Your Ultimate Prescription for Happiness. But don't make chili-cheese dogs an everyday thing, or the pounds will keep piling on. Spanx has its limits.
2. THE SHOCK: Your B-list buds will go MIA.
You're a single girl with a tribe of friends. Once you're hitched, though, some may mysteriously vanish from the scene—unless you bribe them with Friday-night drinks.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
If a friend is keen on getting married, jealousy may play a part, or she may be having a hard time dealing with a former free-agent pal's wanting to check in with her hubby before making plans. But don't worry—your closest girlfriends won't leave your side, especially if you make a conscious effort to keep them there.
3. THE SHOCK: Your sex life will be off the charts—sometimes.
After the honeymoon and a happy homecoming, life can turn, well...a bit PG. One night, you may just want to do the laundry. Or there will be a Project Runway marathon that you really, really want to watch. Before you know it, a week will have gone by since you and your spouse got romantic.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
Nothing. Studies show that, over time, married people have more—and better—sex than singles do, says Scott Haltzman, author of The Secrets of Happily Married Women: "The sense of commitment helps loosen a couple's inhibitions and strengthens their sexual bond."
4. THE SHOCK: You won't unpack your china for six months.
Engaged girl's fantasy: kitchen shelves full of gleaming new china and stemware organized by color, pattern, and size. Married woman's reality: stacks of unpacked boxes in every corner.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
Everyday things—working late, paying bills, taking the dog to the vet—will get in the way of setting up that idyllic space. Try this as a compromise: Open one box each week until you've achieved that sublime kitchen display. And then use the stuff!
5. THE SHOCK: You'll do the dishes; your husband will fix stuff.
It'll be like living in a Mad Men episode as you fall into clichéd roles—you're in charge of laundry; he hammers things. "One day, when our dryer's bell went off to signal that the clothes were done, my husband jumped a foot off the couch and shrieked, 'What was that noise?' That was when I realized he hadn't washed a sock since we'd been married," says Anna W., 28, of Austin, Texas.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
Devise a plan, if you'd prefer to split chores 50–50. "Consider which chores each of you doesn't mind doing, and agree to divvy up the responsibilities in a way you both think is fair," says Lombardo. Studies show that when roles are clearly defined and equitable, everyone's happier.
6. THE SHOCK: Even though you'll have two paychecks, you'll still feel broke.
That "we'll have twice as much money" theory? Just an illusion. While you'll save on housing if you weren't living together before (and don't move someplace swankier), you'll also be spending more. For example, that hand-me-down couch was fine for a single gal, but now you'll want a nice sofa in a lovely home that looks as if grown-ups live there.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
Don't fret too much, says Haltzman. The investments you're making now will pay off for decades to come, whether they're in furnishings, friendships (throwing dinner parties), or the future (loading up your retirement accounts).
7. THE SHOCK: You won't want to spend every moment with your new husband.
Your spouse may be your best friend, but he won't suddenly become your only friend.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
"My husband and I have no problems maintaining individual friendships," says Meghan E., 29, of Richmond, Virginia. "The poor guy shouldn't have to be dragged to every new chick flick simply because he's married to me." She's right. Go out with the girls, and give him nights with his guys. You'll come home and swap stories—and your marriage will be the better for it.
8. THE SHOCK: You'll go to bed mad, even though you vowed not to—ever.
Count on falling asleep fuming at least once that first year.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
"It's okay if you're getting nowhere with a compromise," says Lombardo. "Forcing things will just make them worse." So don't be scared of getting some shut-eye. Most likely, you'll both wake up refreshed and ready to make up. Studies show the best predictor of a marriage's success is the couple's ability to repair the relationship after a fight, so as long as you resolve your conflict quickly, you can rest easy.
9. THE SHOCK: Being a wife won't mean you'll instantly have skills worthy of an Iron Chef.
"When I was single, I rarely turned on the stove in my studio apartment. Then I got a husband, new kitchen gear (all those shower gifts!), and my grandmother's take- care-of-your-man attitude," says Molly S., 32, of Baltimore.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
Marriage vows are powerful, but they don't include instructions on how to make meatloaf. "I'd rush home from work and try to cook a spread worthy of a magazine photo shoot, but I couldn't take the pressure," says Molly. "Now making dinner might mean opening a bag of salad or a take-out menu," she says. "And we're both okay with that." Or you may find your husband grabbing the apron—now there's a win-win!
10. THE SHOCK: The world will feel like a better place.
Marriage is more than changing your last name and getting a joint checking account.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
"Getting married is a declaration to the world that you want to be with each other forever, and a huge sense of security, devotion, peace, and love comes with that," says Lombardo. That intensity will not only deepen your bond but also give you quite a buzz. Says Krista N., 31, of New York City, "We were really supportive of each other before, but now that we're married, it feels like we're tackling life together, and that's a pretty great feeling."
Illustration by Kirsten Ulve
http://shine.yahoo.com/channel/sex/10-shocking-secrets-of-the-first-year-of-marriage-2399338/
--By Marina Khidekel, BRIDES magazine
Think that your first year as newlyweds will be total bliss? Of course it will—but even paradise comes with surprises. Here's what to expect.
1. THE SHOCK: You'll gain a little love weight.
You've been dieting since the moment he put the ring on your finger. But chances are that celery-and-Fresca regimen will end as soon as the honeymoon begins. (Christening every Thursday "Pasta Madness"? Go for it!) "I starved myself for months to get in shape for the wedding—I even ordered my ring a size smaller to force myself to keep dieting," admits Melina M., 29, of Cambridge, Massachusetts. "Of course I've gained it all back—and a few extra pounds."
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
Putting on a bit of weight is normal for a newlywed. "Give yourself permission to enjoy your new life and the food that comes with it," says psychologist Elizabeth Lombardo, Ph.D., author of A Happy You: Your Ultimate Prescription for Happiness. But don't make chili-cheese dogs an everyday thing, or the pounds will keep piling on. Spanx has its limits.
2. THE SHOCK: Your B-list buds will go MIA.
You're a single girl with a tribe of friends. Once you're hitched, though, some may mysteriously vanish from the scene—unless you bribe them with Friday-night drinks.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
If a friend is keen on getting married, jealousy may play a part, or she may be having a hard time dealing with a former free-agent pal's wanting to check in with her hubby before making plans. But don't worry—your closest girlfriends won't leave your side, especially if you make a conscious effort to keep them there.
3. THE SHOCK: Your sex life will be off the charts—sometimes.
After the honeymoon and a happy homecoming, life can turn, well...a bit PG. One night, you may just want to do the laundry. Or there will be a Project Runway marathon that you really, really want to watch. Before you know it, a week will have gone by since you and your spouse got romantic.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
Nothing. Studies show that, over time, married people have more—and better—sex than singles do, says Scott Haltzman, author of The Secrets of Happily Married Women: "The sense of commitment helps loosen a couple's inhibitions and strengthens their sexual bond."
4. THE SHOCK: You won't unpack your china for six months.
Engaged girl's fantasy: kitchen shelves full of gleaming new china and stemware organized by color, pattern, and size. Married woman's reality: stacks of unpacked boxes in every corner.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
Everyday things—working late, paying bills, taking the dog to the vet—will get in the way of setting up that idyllic space. Try this as a compromise: Open one box each week until you've achieved that sublime kitchen display. And then use the stuff!
5. THE SHOCK: You'll do the dishes; your husband will fix stuff.
It'll be like living in a Mad Men episode as you fall into clichéd roles—you're in charge of laundry; he hammers things. "One day, when our dryer's bell went off to signal that the clothes were done, my husband jumped a foot off the couch and shrieked, 'What was that noise?' That was when I realized he hadn't washed a sock since we'd been married," says Anna W., 28, of Austin, Texas.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
Devise a plan, if you'd prefer to split chores 50–50. "Consider which chores each of you doesn't mind doing, and agree to divvy up the responsibilities in a way you both think is fair," says Lombardo. Studies show that when roles are clearly defined and equitable, everyone's happier.
6. THE SHOCK: Even though you'll have two paychecks, you'll still feel broke.
That "we'll have twice as much money" theory? Just an illusion. While you'll save on housing if you weren't living together before (and don't move someplace swankier), you'll also be spending more. For example, that hand-me-down couch was fine for a single gal, but now you'll want a nice sofa in a lovely home that looks as if grown-ups live there.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
Don't fret too much, says Haltzman. The investments you're making now will pay off for decades to come, whether they're in furnishings, friendships (throwing dinner parties), or the future (loading up your retirement accounts).
7. THE SHOCK: You won't want to spend every moment with your new husband.
Your spouse may be your best friend, but he won't suddenly become your only friend.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
"My husband and I have no problems maintaining individual friendships," says Meghan E., 29, of Richmond, Virginia. "The poor guy shouldn't have to be dragged to every new chick flick simply because he's married to me." She's right. Go out with the girls, and give him nights with his guys. You'll come home and swap stories—and your marriage will be the better for it.
8. THE SHOCK: You'll go to bed mad, even though you vowed not to—ever.
Count on falling asleep fuming at least once that first year.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
"It's okay if you're getting nowhere with a compromise," says Lombardo. "Forcing things will just make them worse." So don't be scared of getting some shut-eye. Most likely, you'll both wake up refreshed and ready to make up. Studies show the best predictor of a marriage's success is the couple's ability to repair the relationship after a fight, so as long as you resolve your conflict quickly, you can rest easy.
9. THE SHOCK: Being a wife won't mean you'll instantly have skills worthy of an Iron Chef.
"When I was single, I rarely turned on the stove in my studio apartment. Then I got a husband, new kitchen gear (all those shower gifts!), and my grandmother's take- care-of-your-man attitude," says Molly S., 32, of Baltimore.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
Marriage vows are powerful, but they don't include instructions on how to make meatloaf. "I'd rush home from work and try to cook a spread worthy of a magazine photo shoot, but I couldn't take the pressure," says Molly. "Now making dinner might mean opening a bag of salad or a take-out menu," she says. "And we're both okay with that." Or you may find your husband grabbing the apron—now there's a win-win!
10. THE SHOCK: The world will feel like a better place.
Marriage is more than changing your last name and getting a joint checking account.
WHAT'S A COUPLE TO DO?
"Getting married is a declaration to the world that you want to be with each other forever, and a huge sense of security, devotion, peace, and love comes with that," says Lombardo. That intensity will not only deepen your bond but also give you quite a buzz. Says Krista N., 31, of New York City, "We were really supportive of each other before, but now that we're married, it feels like we're tackling life together, and that's a pretty great feeling."
Illustration by Kirsten Ulve
http://shine.yahoo.com/channel/sex/10-shocking-secrets-of-the-first-year-of-marriage-2399338/
Wednesday, September 29, 2010
final:)) 9/29/10
BIOCHEMISTRY - BSMT2D :))
CEDELES, CHARITY
HAGHANI RAD, NASRIN
PEREZ, REISS
RAHIMI, KIMIA
DNA Replication.1
http://www.youtube.com/user/garlandscience#p/c/86FB28667714C01D/3/-mtLXpgjHL0
This video is from:
Essential Cell Biology, 3rd Edition
Alberts, Bray, Hopkin, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts, & Walter
ISBN: 978-0-8153-4129-1
In a replication fork, two DNA polymerases collaborate to copy the leading-strand template and the lagging-strand template DNA. This video shows the process by which DNA replication occurs. Achieving bilateral symmetry doesn't requireseparate sets of genes for each side.
I see lots of beauty and art in nature as well. Amazing example of irreducible complexity. This the most efficient, significant process inthe world. So finely tuned and designed, so much more than humans could ever produce on this scale.
Absolutely amazing, we were completely perplexed over the "backwards" description of the copying. So I was amazed to find this animation. Even then it’s taken me a couple of seconds to figure out what is happening because it is so fast.
DNA REPLICATION
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z685FFqmrpo&feature=related
-SIMPLE VERSION
In DNA replication T always pairs with A
A pairs with U during transcription in protein synthesis where complementary RNA bases are paired with the DNA on the sense strand.
"A double strand of DNA unwinds" make it seems like a spontaneous process, which isn't. At the body temperature, large activation energy is required to unwind DNA; and denatured strands anneal back.
DNA TRANSCRIPTION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsofH466lqk
Molecules in the cell bump and jiggle and drift all the time. When they bump in such a way as to cause a reaction, a reaction occurs. This is a bit like kids in a mosh pit. They move fairly randomly around the crowd. When one friend finds another, he lifts him up to crowdsurf. If one finds his girlfriend, they hold hands. Substitute chemical affinity for friendship, and think of lifting the friend up as a reaction.
-Great clip! Clearly explains transcription!
-During transcription, the DNA needs to be single stranded to create an mRNA strand..
-Showing the template strand (non-coding) which is used by RNA polymerase to form a mRNA strand
DNA TRANCRITION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztPkv7wc3yU&feature=related
BLUE blob going through the helix: That's called RNA polymerase, it's the enzyme that copies RNA using one of the DNA strands as a template
It's a great video... some mistakes here and there, but it's good overall.:))
TRANSLATION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLEDd-PSTQ
PROCESS OF TRANSLATION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
-The codons found within the mRNA.
-The small subunit of the ribosome attached to the mRNA.
-A tRNA molecule.
-The tRNA anti-codon is complementary to the mRNA codon.
-The amino acid known as methionine.
-The first tRNA molecule attaches to the first site of translation.
-The second tRNA molecule attaches to the second site of translation.
-The amino acid from the first tRNA is transferred to the amino acid on the second tRNA.
-The first tRNA exits, the ribosome moves, a new tRNA enters, and the process is repeated.
-The process is repeated many times, and a peptide, or strand of amino acids, is formed.
-The release factor enters.
-Translation, or protein synthesis, ends.
-The completed peptide is released.
mRNA ININIATION ELONGATION TERMINATION
END: Protein synthesis is now complete. The peptide chain is ready to act as a protein or be combined with other chains to form larger, polypeptide proteins.
TRANSLATION.1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zb6r1MMTkc&feature=related
Pretty amazing that stuff like this occurs naturally. Starting to see why intelligent design people think the way they do.
"E site" next to the "P site" and "A site": EXIT - POLIPEPTIDE - AND ARRIVE
Start and stop codons used to separate genes: start and stop codons are more a matter of translation (mRNA to protein) than a matter of gene separation. Genes in DNA are not necessarily contiguous sequences; that gets rather complicated. But within the gene there would be tri-nucleotides complementary to start and stop codons. As you know, the start and stop codon simply indicate where the protein product is to start and stop
CEDELES, CHARITY
HAGHANI RAD, NASRIN
PEREZ, REISS
RAHIMI, KIMIA
DNA Replication.1
http://www.youtube.com/user/garlandscience#p/c/86FB28667714C01D/3/-mtLXpgjHL0
This video is from:
Essential Cell Biology, 3rd Edition
Alberts, Bray, Hopkin, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts, & Walter
ISBN: 978-0-8153-4129-1
In a replication fork, two DNA polymerases collaborate to copy the leading-strand template and the lagging-strand template DNA. This video shows the process by which DNA replication occurs. Achieving bilateral symmetry doesn't requireseparate sets of genes for each side.
I see lots of beauty and art in nature as well. Amazing example of irreducible complexity. This the most efficient, significant process inthe world. So finely tuned and designed, so much more than humans could ever produce on this scale.
Absolutely amazing, we were completely perplexed over the "backwards" description of the copying. So I was amazed to find this animation. Even then it’s taken me a couple of seconds to figure out what is happening because it is so fast.
DNA REPLICATION
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z685FFqmrpo&feature=related
-SIMPLE VERSION
In DNA replication T always pairs with A
A pairs with U during transcription in protein synthesis where complementary RNA bases are paired with the DNA on the sense strand.
"A double strand of DNA unwinds" make it seems like a spontaneous process, which isn't. At the body temperature, large activation energy is required to unwind DNA; and denatured strands anneal back.
DNA TRANSCRIPTION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsofH466lqk
Molecules in the cell bump and jiggle and drift all the time. When they bump in such a way as to cause a reaction, a reaction occurs. This is a bit like kids in a mosh pit. They move fairly randomly around the crowd. When one friend finds another, he lifts him up to crowdsurf. If one finds his girlfriend, they hold hands. Substitute chemical affinity for friendship, and think of lifting the friend up as a reaction.
-Great clip! Clearly explains transcription!
-During transcription, the DNA needs to be single stranded to create an mRNA strand..
-Showing the template strand (non-coding) which is used by RNA polymerase to form a mRNA strand
DNA TRANCRITION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztPkv7wc3yU&feature=related
BLUE blob going through the helix: That's called RNA polymerase, it's the enzyme that copies RNA using one of the DNA strands as a template
It's a great video... some mistakes here and there, but it's good overall.:))
TRANSLATION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLEDd-PSTQ
PROCESS OF TRANSLATION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
-The codons found within the mRNA.
-The small subunit of the ribosome attached to the mRNA.
-A tRNA molecule.
-The tRNA anti-codon is complementary to the mRNA codon.
-The amino acid known as methionine.
-The first tRNA molecule attaches to the first site of translation.
-The second tRNA molecule attaches to the second site of translation.
-The amino acid from the first tRNA is transferred to the amino acid on the second tRNA.
-The first tRNA exits, the ribosome moves, a new tRNA enters, and the process is repeated.
-The process is repeated many times, and a peptide, or strand of amino acids, is formed.
-The release factor enters.
-Translation, or protein synthesis, ends.
-The completed peptide is released.
mRNA ININIATION ELONGATION TERMINATION
END: Protein synthesis is now complete. The peptide chain is ready to act as a protein or be combined with other chains to form larger, polypeptide proteins.
TRANSLATION.1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zb6r1MMTkc&feature=related
Pretty amazing that stuff like this occurs naturally. Starting to see why intelligent design people think the way they do.
"E site" next to the "P site" and "A site": EXIT - POLIPEPTIDE - AND ARRIVE
Start and stop codons used to separate genes: start and stop codons are more a matter of translation (mRNA to protein) than a matter of gene separation. Genes in DNA are not necessarily contiguous sequences; that gets rather complicated. But within the gene there would be tri-nucleotides complementary to start and stop codons. As you know, the start and stop codon simply indicate where the protein product is to start and stop
BIOCHEMISTRY - BSMT2D :))
CEDELES, CHARITY
HAGHANI RAD, NASRIN
PEREZ, REISS
RAHIMI, KIMIA
DNA Replication.1
http://www.youtube.com/user/garlandscience#p/c/86FB28667714C01D/3/-mtLXpgjHL0
In a replication fork, two DNA polymerases collaborate to copy the leading-strand template and the lagging-strand template DNA. This video shows the process by which DNA replication occurs.
This video is from:
Essential Cell Biology, 3rd Edition
Alberts, Bray, Hopkin, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts, & Walter
ISBN: 978-0-8153-4129-1
DNA TRANCRITION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztPkv7wc3yU&feature=related
BLUE blob going through the helix:That's called RNA polymerase, it's the enzyme that copies RNA using one of the DNA strands as a template
It's a great video... some mistakes here and there, but it's good overall.:))
TRANSLATION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLEDd-PSTQ
A.)mRNA
-The codons found within the mRNA.
-The small subunit of the ribosome attached to the mRNA.
-A tRNA molecule.
-The tRNA anti-codon is complementary to the mRNA codon.
-The amino acid known as methionine.
-The first tRNA molecule attaches to the first site of translation.
-The second tRNA molecule attaches to the second site of translation.
-The amino acid from the first tRNA is transferred to the amino acid on the second tRNA.
-The first tRNA exits, the ribosome moves, a new tRNA enters, and the process is repeated.
-The process is repeated many times, and a peptide, or strand of amino acids, is formed.
-The release factor enters.
-Translation, or protein synthesis, ends.
-The completed peptide is released.
B.) ININIATION
C.) ELONGATION
D.) TERMINATION
END: Protein synthesis is now complete. The peptide chain is ready to act as a protein or be combined with other chains to form larger, polypeptide proteins.
TRANSLATION.1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zb6r1MMTkc&feature=related
Pretty amazing that stuff like this occurs naturally. Starting to see why intelligent design people think the way they do.
"E site" next to the "P site" and "A site": EXIT - POLIPEPTIDE - AND ARRIVE
start and stop codons used to separate genes: start and stop codons are more a matter of translation (mRNA to protein) than a matter of gene separation. Genes in DNA are not necessarily contiguous sequences; that gets rather complicated. But within the gene there would be trinucleotides complementary to start and stop codons. As you know, the start and stop codon simply indicate where the protein product is to start and stop
CEDELES, CHARITY
HAGHANI RAD, NASRIN
PEREZ, REISS
RAHIMI, KIMIA
DNA Replication.1
http://www.youtube.com/user/garlandscience#p/c/86FB28667714C01D/3/-mtLXpgjHL0
In a replication fork, two DNA polymerases collaborate to copy the leading-strand template and the lagging-strand template DNA. This video shows the process by which DNA replication occurs.
This video is from:
Essential Cell Biology, 3rd Edition
Alberts, Bray, Hopkin, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts, & Walter
ISBN: 978-0-8153-4129-1
Achieving bilateral symmetry doesn't require separate sets of genes for each side.
I see lots of beauty and art in nature as well.Amazing example of irreducible complexity. This the most efficient, significant process in the world. So finely tuned and designed, so much more than humans could ever produce on this scale.
Absolutely amazing. I was completely perplexed over the "backwards" description of the copying. So I was amazed to find this animation. Even then It's taken me a couple of seconds to figure out what is happening because it is so fast.
DNA REPLICATION
DNA TRANCRITION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztPkv7wc3yU&feature=related
BLUE blob going through the helix:That's called RNA polymerase, it's the enzyme that copies RNA using one of the DNA strands as a template
It's a great video... some mistakes here and there, but it's good overall.:))
TRANSLATION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLEDd-PSTQ
A.)mRNA
-The codons found within the mRNA.
-The small subunit of the ribosome attached to the mRNA.
-A tRNA molecule.
-The tRNA anti-codon is complementary to the mRNA codon.
-The amino acid known as methionine.
-The first tRNA molecule attaches to the first site of translation.
-The second tRNA molecule attaches to the second site of translation.
-The amino acid from the first tRNA is transferred to the amino acid on the second tRNA.
-The first tRNA exits, the ribosome moves, a new tRNA enters, and the process is repeated.
-The process is repeated many times, and a peptide, or strand of amino acids, is formed.
-The release factor enters.
-Translation, or protein synthesis, ends.
-The completed peptide is released.
B.) ININIATION
C.) ELONGATION
D.) TERMINATION
END: Protein synthesis is now complete. The peptide chain is ready to act as a protein or be combined with other chains to form larger, polypeptide proteins.
TRANSLATION.1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zb6r1MMTkc&feature=related
Pretty amazing that stuff like this occurs naturally. Starting to see why intelligent design people think the way they do.
"E site" next to the "P site" and "A site": EXIT - POLIPEPTIDE - AND ARRIVE
start and stop codons used to separate genes: start and stop codons are more a matter of translation (mRNA to protein) than a matter of gene separation. Genes in DNA are not necessarily contiguous sequences; that gets rather complicated. But within the gene there would be trinucleotides complementary to start and stop codons. As you know, the start and stop codon simply indicate where the protein product is to start and stop
Friday, September 17, 2010
assignment:)) 9/17/10
REISS PEREZ
A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules carry genetic information or form structures within cells. The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleic acids are universal in living things, as they are found in all cells and viruses. Nucleic acids were first discovered by Friedrich Miescher in 1871.
FUNCTIONS OF DNA:
DNA also contains all the genetic coding which is used to control functions, behaviour and development of an organism. DNA is also used as a long term storage device to store the genetic instructions. These instructions must be correct so the DNA can make an exact copy of itslef.
The function of DNA in a cell is to code the way proteins turn genes on or off.
FUNCTIONS OF RNA:
mRNA - messenger RNA - is a "copy" of the DNA base sequence of a gene after processing (capping, addition of 3' tail and splicing). It is used to transfer the genetic information from DNA, which is a storage molecule and quite inaccessible, to ribosomes, which perform translation to synthesise polypeptides.
tRNA - transfer RNA - is "charged" with an amino acid and used to recognize the code in the mRNA and "translate" it into the amino acid it is carrying. There are specific tRNA molecules for each amino acid.
rRNA - ribosomal RNA - makes up parts of the ribosome and has the catalytic transpeptidase action required to create polypeptide chains during translation.
snRNA - small nuclear RNA - regulates and provides the catalytic machinery for splicing or mRNA.
gRNA - guide RNA - directs editing of RNA to specific sites.
miRNA - micro RNA - inhibits translation by base pairing with complementary sequences of mRNA.
Signal Recognition Particle - RNA/protein molecule that binds to the "Signal Sequence" on polypeptides to be sent to the endoplasmic reticulum, causing translation to pause until polypeptide has been fed into translocon for entry into ER.
(remembering that RNA uses U instead of T)
-it IS identical to the sense strand; therefore, it carries the code for the protein.
-if the DNA says ACC, the mRNA says UGG.
Complementary base pairs are: adenine and thymine (A - T )
guanine and cytosine (G - C)
A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules carry genetic information or form structures within cells. The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleic acids are universal in living things, as they are found in all cells and viruses. Nucleic acids were first discovered by Friedrich Miescher in 1871.
FUNCTIONS OF DNA:
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic code which ensures that daughter cells inherit the same characteristics as the parent cells
- DNA is the code from which all protein is synthesised
- All prokaryotes, eukaryote and some viruses have DNA
- All DNA code is composed from four nucleotide bases, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine and Thymine.
DNA also contains all the genetic coding which is used to control functions, behaviour and development of an organism. DNA is also used as a long term storage device to store the genetic instructions. These instructions must be correct so the DNA can make an exact copy of itslef.
The function of DNA in a cell is to code the way proteins turn genes on or off.
FUNCTIONS OF RNA:
mRNA - messenger RNA - is a "copy" of the DNA base sequence of a gene after processing (capping, addition of 3' tail and splicing). It is used to transfer the genetic information from DNA, which is a storage molecule and quite inaccessible, to ribosomes, which perform translation to synthesise polypeptides.
tRNA - transfer RNA - is "charged" with an amino acid and used to recognize the code in the mRNA and "translate" it into the amino acid it is carrying. There are specific tRNA molecules for each amino acid.
rRNA - ribosomal RNA - makes up parts of the ribosome and has the catalytic transpeptidase action required to create polypeptide chains during translation.
snRNA - small nuclear RNA - regulates and provides the catalytic machinery for splicing or mRNA.
gRNA - guide RNA - directs editing of RNA to specific sites.
miRNA - micro RNA - inhibits translation by base pairing with complementary sequences of mRNA.
Signal Recognition Particle - RNA/protein molecule that binds to the "Signal Sequence" on polypeptides to be sent to the endoplasmic reticulum, causing translation to pause until polypeptide has been fed into translocon for entry into ER.
What components do DNA and RNA?
It is easier to say which componants are different as the two types of molecule are very similar. RNA uses ribose in the sugar-phosphate backbone rather than deoxyribose, as in DNA. And in RNA uracil (U) is used in place of (T) as a base. These are the two major differences. If you want a list of similarities then:
-both use a sugar phosphate backbone onto which bases are assembled
-Both use four bases to encode information (A,T,C,G - DNA) and(A,U,C,G- RNA)
-both use hydrogen bonding between bases to join sense and antisense strands (both sides of the ladder)
-all nucleotides (bases) used to make to both DNA and RNA have 3 phosphate groups attatched to them before they are added to the growing chain.
A chromosome is an organized building of DNA and protein that is found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions. The word chromosome comes from the Greek χρῶμα (chroma, colour) and σῶμα (soma, body) due to their property of being very strongly stained by particular dyes.
A gene is a unit of heredity in a living organism. It is normally a stretch of DNA that codes for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. All living things depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains. Genes hold the information to build and maintain an organism's cells and pass genetic traits to offspring.
Nucleotides are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA.
Nucleosides are glycosylamines consisting of a nucleobase (often referred to as simply base) bound to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar via a beta-glycosidic linkage. Examples of nucleosides include cytidine, uridine, adenosine, guanosine, thymidine and inosine.
genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA.
histones are strongly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei, which package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.[1][2] They are the chief protein components of chromatin, act as spools around which DNA winds, and play a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to one in human DNA). For example, each human cell has about 1.8 meters of DNA, but wound on the histones it has about 90 millimeters of chromatin, which, when duplicated and condensed during mitosis, result in about 120 micrometers of chromosomes.[3]
Nucleosomes are the basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus), consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a histone protein core.[1] This structure is often compared to thread wrapped around a spool.[2]
Chromatin is the combination of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes. It is found inside the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. It is divided between heterochromatin (condensed) and euchromatin (extended) forms.[1] [2] The major components of chromatin are DNA and histone proteins, although other proteins have prominent roles too. The functions of chromatin are to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell, to strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis and meiosis, and to serve as a mechanism to control expression and DNA replication. Chromatin contains genetic material-instructions to direct cell functions.
BASES OF DNA AND RNA:
The DNA bases are adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine . In RNA, Thymine is replaced by Uracil. Adenine and guanine are known as purines and cytosine and thymine are known as pyrimidines.
Although scientists have made some minor changes to the Watson and Crick model, or have elaborated upon it, since its inception in 1953, the model's four major features remain the same yet today. These features are as follows:
- DNA is a double-stranded helix, with the two strands connected by hydrogen bonds. A bases are always paired with Ts, and Cs are always paired with Gs, which is consistent with and accounts for Chargaff's rule.
- Most DNA double helices are right-handed; that is, if you were to hold your right hand out, with your thumb pointed up and your fingers curled around your thumb, your thumb would represent the axis of the helix and your fingers would represent the sugar-phosphate backbone. Only one type of DNA, called Z-DNA, is left-handed.
- The DNA double helix is anti-parallel, which means that the 5' end of one strand is paired with the 3' end of its complementary strand (and vice versa). As shown in Figure 4, nucleotides are linked to each other by their phosphate groups, which bind the 3' end of one sugar to the 5' end of the next sugar.
- Not only are the DNA base pairs connected via hydrogen bonding, but the outer edges of the nitrogen-containing bases are exposed and available for potential hydrogen bonding as well. These hydrogen bonds provide easy access to the DNA for other molecules, including the proteins that play vital roles in the replication and expression of DNA (Figure 4).
Summary
Watson and Crick were not the discoverers of DNA, but rather the first scientists to formulate an accurate description of this molecule's complex, double-helical structure. Moreover, Watson and Crick's work was directly dependent on the research of numerous scientists before them, including Friedrich Miescher, Phoebus Levene, and Erwin Chargaff. Thanks to researchers such as these, we now know a great deal about genetic structure, and we continue to make great strides in understanding the human genome and the importance of DNA to life and health.
Putting the Evidence Together: Watson and Crick Propose the Double Helix
Chargaff's realization that A = T and C = G, combined with some crucially important X-ray crystallography work by English researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, contributed to Watson and Crick's derivation of the three-dimensional, double-helical model for the structure of DNA. Watson and Crick's discovery was also made possible by recent advances in model building, or the assembly of possible three-dimensional structures based upon known molecular distances and bond angles, a technique advanced by American biochemist Linus Pauling. In fact, Watson and Crick were worried that they would be "scooped" by Pauling, who proposed a different model for the three-dimensional structure of DNA just months before they did. In the end, however, Pauling's prediction was incorrect.
Using cardboard cutouts representing the individual chemical components of the four bases and other nucleotide subunits, Watson and Crick shifted molecules around on their desktops, as though putting together a puzzle. They were misled for a while by an erroneous understanding of how the different elements in thymine and guanine (specifically, the carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen rings) were configured. Only upon the suggestion of American scientist Jerry Donohue did Watson decide to make new cardboard cutouts of the two bases, to see if perhaps a different atomic configuration would make a difference. It did. Not only did the complementary bases now fit together perfectly (i.e., A with T and C with G), with each pair held together by hydrogen bonds, but the structure also reflected Chargaff's rule (Figure 3).
complementary base pairs in the DNA:
The mRNA transcribed from the antisense DNA strand is not identical to that DNA strand; it is complementary. -the mRNA has the 'partners' of the bases on the DNA template(remembering that RNA uses U instead of T)
-it IS identical to the sense strand; therefore, it carries the code for the protein.
-if the DNA says ACC, the mRNA says UGG.
Complementary base pairs are: adenine and thymine (A - T )
guanine and cytosine (G - C)
Base pairs in DNA
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), is a chemical found primarily in the nucleus of cells. DNA carries the instructions for making all the structures and materials the body needs to function.
DNA is organized as two complementary strands, head-to-toe, with bonds between them that can be "unzipped" like a zipper, separating the strands.Tuesday, July 6, 2010
BATANGAS, MUST EXPERIENCE!!!!
Historical remembrance and culinary discovery tour of the cultural landmarks of Batangas, where cradle of heroes and one of the first provinces to rise against Spanish colonial rule.
The impressive Batangas Museum is likewise a must-see for tourists and is included in the itinerary.
The heritage town of Taal, the “Vigan of the South”, whose well-preserved, stately mansions and magnificent Basilica of St. Martin de Tours, seemingly transport one back to the Spanish era.
Beyond the history, food trip as well, with participants indulging in the rich, flavorful cuisine of Batangas. That’s early merienda of Tanauan’s native delicacy, sumang magkayakap, and kapeng barako. Lunch is at the province’s newest luxury property, Hotel Pontefino, where the menu includes favorites like bulalo, pinais na isda, adobo sa dilaw, tinumis and bulanglang, prepared by renowned chef Dennis Edillon. Finally, afternoon merienda in Taal features pinindot, empanadang Taal, sumang malagkit, maja blanco, minatamis na saging and other native fare. Indeed, a gastronomic experience that’s authentically Batangueno.
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in DNA replication T always pairs with A
A pairs with U during transcription in protein synthesis where complementary RNA bases are paired with the DNA on the sense strand.
simple version
"A double strand of DNA unwinds" make it seems like a spontaneous process, which isn't. At the body temperature, a large activation energy is required to unwind DNA; and denatured strands anneal back
DNA TRANSCRIPTION:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsofH466lqk
Molecules in the cell bump and jiggle and drift all the time. When they bump in such a way as to cause a reaction, a reaction occurs. This is a bit like kids in a mosh pit. They move fairly randomly around the crowd. When one friend finds another, he lifts him up to crowdsurf. If one finds his girlfriend, they hold hands. Substitute chemical affinity for friendship, and think of lifting the friend up as a reaction.
great clip! clearly explains transcription!
during transcription, the DNA needs to be single stranded to create a mRNA strand